![\"\u0412\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435](\"https:\/\/www.openbusiness.ru\/upload\/iblock\/455\/field_196173_960_720.jpg\" "\\"\u0412\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435")
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\u00c7avdar, Rusya'daki en \u00f6nemli g\u0131da \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinden biridir, hayvan yemi ve insan g\u0131das\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r (\u00e7avdar un, ni\u015fasta, malt \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r). \u00dclkemiz \u00e7avdar hasad\u0131nda d\u00fcnyada ilk s\u0131rada yer almaktad\u0131r. Bu \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn ana ekim alanlar\u0131 Volga B\u00f6lgesi (Tataristan Cumhuriyeti, Samara ve Ulyanovsk b\u00f6lgeleri), Ural B\u00f6lgesi (Udmurtya Cumhuriyeti ve Perm b\u00f6lgesi) ile Merkez ve Volga-Vyatka b\u00f6lgeleridir.<\/p>\n
\u00c7avdar, bu\u011fdaya g\u00f6re do\u011fal ko\u015fullara daha az dayan\u0131kl\u0131, bir\u00e7ok zararl\u0131 ve patojene kar\u015f\u0131 diren\u00e7lidir. Ekilen \u00e7avdar\u0131n 39 \u00e7e\u015fidi olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen \u00fclkemizde sadece adi \u00e7avdar yeti\u015ftirilmektedir. K\u0131\u015f \u00e7avdar\u0131 -35 santigrat dereceye kadar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131 kolayca tolere eder, bu nedenle Rusya topraklar\u0131nda k\u0131\u015f mahsul\u00fc, Buryatia ve Yakutia'n\u0131n baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerinde yeti\u015ftirilen bahar mahsul\u00fcnden daha yayg\u0131nd\u0131r. K\u0131\u015fl\u0131k \u00e7avdar yeti\u015ftirme i\u015finin \u00e7e\u015fitli y\u00f6nlerine bakaca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n
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Rusya'n\u0131n farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerinde tar\u0131m arazisi kiralaman\u0131n maliyeti \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde de\u011fi\u015fmektedir. Hektar ba\u015f\u0131na fiyat, kiralanan arazinin toplam alan\u0131na, yolun yak\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131na, ileti\u015fimin, suyun, \u00f6zel ekipman\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na veya yoklu\u011funa ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r ve 500 ruble kadar az veya birka\u00e7 bin ruble kadar fazla olabilir.<\/p>\n
Daha \u00f6nce de s\u00f6yledi\u011fimiz gibi, \u00e7avdar bu\u011fday ekimi i\u00e7in uygun olmayan topraklarda kolayca yeti\u015febilir. \u00c7avdar\u0131n en iyi \u00f6nc\u00fclleri ac\u0131 bakla-yulaf kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131, \u00e7ok y\u0131ll\u0131k otlar, erken olgunla\u015fan patatesler, silajl\u0131k m\u0131s\u0131r, keten, bezelye bu\u011fday\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7avdar bir yerde iki y\u0131l boyunca verim verebilir. \u00c7avdar\u0131n \u00e7ok y\u0131ll\u0131k baklagillerden sonra ekilmesi tavsiye edilmez, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc onlar y\u00fcz\u00fcnden toprak azotla doyurulur ve bu da \u00e7avdar i\u00e7in zararl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
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Arazi ekimden 3-4 hafta \u00f6nce s\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu\u011fdaydan sonra \u00e7avdar ekilmesi planlan\u0131yorsa, s\u0131y\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131 pulluk kullan\u0131l\u0131r; patates, keten, bezelyeden sonra arazi d\u00fcz kesicilerle i\u015flenir; \u00e7ok y\u0131ll\u0131k otlar ve m\u0131s\u0131rdan sonra tarla diskli t\u0131rm\u0131klarla i\u015flenir. Bir hektar araziyi s\u00fcrmenin ortalama maliyeti 700-1000 rubledir.<\/p>\n
K\u0131\u015fl\u0131k \u00e7avdar tohumlar\u0131 internet \u00fczerinden kilogram ba\u015f\u0131na yakla\u015f\u0131k 10 ruble fiyatla sat\u0131n al\u0131nabilir. Modern tar\u0131m uzmanlar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir hatas\u0131, yeni hasat edilmi\u015f tohumlarla ekim yapmakt\u0131r. Kurutulmam\u0131\u015f tohum hen\u00fcz \u00e7imlenmeye haz\u0131r de\u011fildir, bu nedenle \u00e7avdar hasad\u0131 hektar ba\u015f\u0131na 10 cente d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr, ancak birka\u00e7 kez daha fazla olabilir.<\/p>\n
Pop\u00fcler \u00e7avdar \u00e7e\u015fitlerini ele alal\u0131m. \"Tatarskaya 1\" \u00e7e\u015fidi orta olgunla\u015fmaya sahiptir, yatmaya ve dona kar\u015f\u0131 dayan\u0131kl\u0131d\u0131r, iyi pi\u015firme \u00f6zelliklerine sahiptir, fakir, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck verimli topraklarda yeti\u015ftirilir. Orta olgunla\u015fan \"Saratovskaya 7\" \u00e7e\u015fidi, y\u00fcksek verim, kurakl\u0131\u011fa dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k ve tah\u0131l\u0131n iyi teknolojik ve pi\u015firme \u00f6zellikleri ile karakterize edilir, en iyi Volga b\u00f6lgesinde yeti\u015fir. \"Bezenchuk 87\" \u00e7e\u015fidi de orta olgunla\u015fmaya sahiptir, yatmaya kar\u015f\u0131 dayan\u0131kl\u0131d\u0131r, m\u00fckemmel pi\u015firme \u00f6zelliklerine sahiptir, Orta, Volga-Vyatka, Orta Kara D\u00fcnya, Orta Volga, Ural b\u00f6lgeleri i\u00e7in devlet siciline dahil edilmi\u015ftir. \"Novozybkovskaya M-4\" \u00e7e\u015fidi dona dayan\u0131kl\u0131d\u0131r, y\u00fcksek verim verir, kumlu topraklarda iyi yeti\u015fir, ancak a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 nemde bar\u0131n\u0131r. \"Pullmana yellow-grain\" \u00e7e\u015fidi Kursk b\u00f6lgesinde ekim i\u00e7in tasarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, yatma ve par\u00e7alanma y\u00fczdesi di\u011fer \u00e7e\u015fitlerden \u00e7ok daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Ekimden \u00f6nce, tohumlar k\u00f6k bunt ve kar k\u00fcf\u00fc enfeksiyonunu \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in haz\u0131rlanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Fundazol ve TMTD bu ama\u00e7la kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bu\u011fday\u0131n ekim tarihleri kara toprak olmayan \u015feritte - 5-25 A\u011fustos, orta kara toprak \u015feridinde ve g\u00fcneydo\u011fu b\u00f6lgelerinde - 15 A\u011fustos - 1 Eyl\u00fcl, g\u00fcney b\u00f6lgelerinde - 25 Eyl\u00fcl - 10 Ekim.<\/p>\n
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Hektar ba\u015f\u0131na \u00e7avdar ekim oranlar\u0131 \u015fu \u015fekildedir: Orta Kara Toprak b\u00f6lgesinde - 5-6 milyon tohum, Kara Toprak olmayan b\u00f6lgede - 6-7 milyon tohum, Volga b\u00f6lgesinde - 4-6 milyon tohum, Urallar ve Sibirya'da - 6-7 milyon tohum. 1000 tohum \u00e7e\u015fidine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak 30-40 gram a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndad\u0131r. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, hektar ba\u015f\u0131na 150 ila 280 kilogram tohum gerekir.<\/p>\n
\u00c7avdar ekmenin birka\u00e7 yolu vard\u0131r: geleneksel, dolu \u00e7iftler \u00fczerine, \u00e7apraz, dar \u015farj. \u00c7avdar\u0131 dolu \u00e7iftlere ekerseniz, ekim oran\u0131 y\u00fczde 15-20 art\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r ve dar veya \u00e7apraz \u015farj y\u00f6ntemlerini uygularsan\u0131z, oran y\u00fczde 10-15 art\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Ekimden hemen sonra, daha iyi bir k\u0131\u015flama sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in mahsul\u00fcn yuvarlanmas\u0131 tavsiye edilir. Erken ilkbaharda ekinleri t\u0131rm\u0131klay\u0131n. K\u00f6k \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne kar\u015f\u0131 Fundazol, yabani otlara kar\u015f\u0131 herbisitler kullan\u0131l\u0131r, ancak \u00e7avdar yabani otlara kar\u015f\u0131 diren\u00e7lidir ve yabani ot tedavisi genellikle gerekli de\u011fildir. Filizlenmeden 10-12 g\u00fcn sonra, yatmay\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in \u00fcr\u00fcnlere bir camaposan M \u00e7\u00f6zeltisi p\u00fcsk\u00fcrt\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
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\u00c7avdar hasad\u0131, tah\u0131l\u0131n balmumu olgunlu\u011funun ortas\u0131nda, tah\u0131l hala kulakta s\u0131k\u0131ca tutuldu\u011funda ve par\u00e7alanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ba\u015flar, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc balmumu olgunlu\u011funun sonunda tah\u0131ldaki kuru madde ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 durur ve tam olgunlukta \u00f6nemli kay\u0131plardan ka\u00e7\u0131namaz, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc tah\u0131l par\u00e7alanmaya e\u011filimlidir.<\/p>\n
Hasat ayr\u0131 bir y\u00f6ntemle ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir. \u00d6nce bir r\u00fczgar makinesi ve ard\u0131ndan bir bi\u00e7erd\u00f6ver kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Hasat edilen tah\u0131l temizlenir, ay\u0131klan\u0131r ve gerekirse kurutulur. Monte edilmi\u015f bir r\u00fczgar makinesinin maliyeti 25 bin rubleden ba\u015flar. Bir tah\u0131l bi\u00e7erd\u00f6veri 450 bin rubleye sat\u0131n al\u0131nabilir, yeni bir modern bi\u00e7erd\u00f6verin maliyeti 2 milyon rubleden fazlad\u0131r. Finlandiyal\u0131 bir mobil tah\u0131l kurutucunun maliyeti yakla\u015f\u0131k 2,5 milyon ruble.<\/p>\n
Bir hektarl\u0131k arazide \u00e7avdar yeti\u015ftiricili\u011finin ortalama maliyeti - 5000 ruble. Ortalama \u00e7avdar verimi - hektar ba\u015f\u0131na 20 cent, iyi agroteknik ile 50 cent'e \u00e7\u0131kabilir. Tah\u0131l\u0131 ton ba\u015f\u0131na 5000 ruble fiyatla satarken, net kar hektar ba\u015f\u0131na yakla\u015f\u0131k 5000 ruble olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
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\u00c7avdar, \u00e7e\u015fitli karma yemlerin bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r, besin i\u00e7eri\u011fi bu\u011fdaydan daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck de\u011fildir, bu nedenle \u00e7avdar pazarlama se\u00e7eneklerinden biri hayvan yemi \u00fcreticileridir. Y\u00fcksek pi\u015firme \u00f6zelliklerine sahip \u00e7e\u015fitler yeti\u015ftirirken, \u00e7avdar unu \u00fcreten \u015firketlerle i\u015fbirli\u011fi yap\u0131lmas\u0131 tavsiye edilir. Ayr\u0131ca \u00e7avdar, \u00e7iftliklerde organik g\u00fcbre olarak da kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Rye is one of the most important food crops in Russia, it is used for livestock fodder and human food (rye is used to produce flour, starch, malt). Our country ranks first in the world in rye harvesting. The main areas of cultivation of this crop are the Volga District (Republic of Tatarstan, Samara and […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/grain.st\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/320"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/grain.st\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/grain.st\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/grain.st\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/grain.st\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=320"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/grain.st\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/320\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":322,"href":"https:\/\/grain.st\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/320\/revisions\/322"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/grain.st\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=320"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/grain.st\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=320"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/grain.st\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=320"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}