{"id":320,"date":"2023-10-24T13:37:56","date_gmt":"2023-10-24T13:37:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/grain.st\/?p=320"},"modified":"2023-10-24T13:38:31","modified_gmt":"2023-10-24T13:38:31","slug":"rye-cultivation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/grain.st\/cs\/pestovani-zita\/","title":{"rendered":"P\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed \u017eita"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Vy\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/p>\n

\u017dito je jednou z nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch potravin\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch plodin v Rusku, pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se jako krmivo pro hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 zv\u00ed\u0159ata a jako potravina pro lidi (z \u017eita se vyr\u00e1b\u00ed mouka, \u0161krob, slad). Na\u0161e zem\u011b je na prvn\u00edm m\u00edst\u011b na sv\u011bt\u011b ve sklizni \u017eita. Hlavn\u00edmi oblastmi p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u00e9to plodiny jsou Vol\u017esk\u00fd okruh (Republika Tatarst\u00e1n, Samarsk\u00e1 a Uljanovsk\u00e1 oblast), Uralsk\u00fd okruh (Udmurtsk\u00e1 republika a Permsk\u00fd kraj) a tak\u00e9 St\u0159edn\u00ed a Vol\u017esko-vjateck\u00fd okruh.<\/p>\n

\u017dito je m\u00e9n\u011b n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9 na p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed podm\u00ednky ne\u017e p\u0161enice, odoln\u00e9 v\u016f\u010di mnoha druh\u016fm \u0161k\u016fdc\u016f a patogen\u016f. P\u0159esto\u017ee \u017eito set\u00e9 m\u00e1 39 odr\u016fd, u n\u00e1s se p\u011bstuje pouze \u017eito obecn\u00e9. Ozim\u00e9 \u017eito snadno sn\u00e1\u0161\u00ed n\u00edzk\u00e9 teploty a\u017e do -35 stup\u0148\u016f Celsia, tak\u017ee na \u00fazem\u00ed Ruska je ozim\u00e1 plodina roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e jarn\u00ed, kter\u00e1 se p\u011bstuje v n\u011bkter\u00fdch oblastech Burjatska a Jakutska. Pod\u00edv\u00e1me se na r\u016fzn\u00e9 aspekty p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed ozim\u00e9ho \u017eita.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

N\u00e1klady na pron\u00e1jem zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fdy se v r\u016fzn\u00fdch regionech Ruska zna\u010dn\u011b li\u0161\u00ed. Cena za hektar z\u00e1vis\u00ed na celkov\u00e9 rozloze pronaj\u00edman\u00e9 p\u016fdy, bl\u00edzkosti silnice, p\u0159\u00edtomnosti \u010di nep\u0159\u00edtomnosti komunikac\u00ed, vody, speci\u00e1ln\u00edho vybaven\u00ed a m\u016f\u017ee \u010dinit pouh\u00fdch 500 rubl\u016f nebo a\u017e n\u011bkolik tis\u00edc rubl\u016f.<\/p>\n

Jak jsme ji\u017e uvedli, \u017eito m\u016f\u017ee snadno r\u016fst na p\u016fd\u011b, kter\u00e1 nen\u00ed vhodn\u00e1 pro p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0161enice. Nejlep\u0161\u00edmi p\u0159edch\u016fdci \u017eita jsou sm\u011bsky lupiny a ovsa, v\u00edcelet\u00e9 tr\u00e1vy, ran\u011b zraj\u00edc\u00ed brambory, kuku\u0159ice na sil\u00e1\u017e, len, p\u0161enice hrachov\u00e1. \u017dito m\u016f\u017ee na jednom m\u00edst\u011b p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161et v\u00fdnosy po dobu dvou let. Nedoporu\u010duje se vys\u00e9vat \u017eito po v\u00edcelet\u00fdch luskovin\u00e1ch, proto\u017ee z nich je p\u016fda nasycena dus\u00edkem, co\u017e \u017eitu \u0161kod\u00ed.<\/p>\n

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P\u016fda se or\u00e1 3-4 t\u00fddny p\u0159ed set\u00edm. Pokud se pl\u00e1nuje set\u00ed \u017eita po p\u0161enici, pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se pluh se smykem, po brambor\u00e1ch, lnu, hrachu se p\u016fda zpracov\u00e1v\u00e1 ploch\u00fdmi \u0159eza\u010dkami, po v\u00edcelet\u00fdch trav\u00e1ch a kuku\u0159ici se pole zpracov\u00e1v\u00e1 diskov\u00fdmi br\u00e1ny. Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 n\u00e1klady na zor\u00e1n\u00ed hektaru p\u016fdy jsou 700-1000 rubl\u016f.<\/p>\n

Semena ozim\u00e9ho \u017eita lze zakoupit p\u0159es internet za cenu p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 10 rubl\u016f za kilogram. Velkou chybou modern\u00edch agronom\u016f je v\u00fdsev \u010derstv\u011b sklizen\u00fdch semen. Nevysu\u0161en\u00e9 osivo je\u0161t\u011b nen\u00ed p\u0159ipraveno ke kl\u00ed\u010den\u00ed, tak\u017ee sklize\u0148 \u017eita se sni\u017euje na 10 centner\u016f na hektar, i kdy\u017e m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt n\u011bkolikan\u00e1sobn\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Pod\u00edvejme se na obl\u00edben\u00e9 odr\u016fdy \u017eita. Odr\u016fda \"Tatarskaja 1\" pat\u0159\u00ed mezi st\u0159edn\u011b zral\u00e9, odoln\u00e9 proti pol\u00e9h\u00e1n\u00ed a mrazu, m\u00e1 dobr\u00e9 peka\u0159sk\u00e9 vlastnosti, p\u011bstuje se na chud\u00fdch, m\u00e1lo \u00farodn\u00fdch p\u016fd\u00e1ch. St\u0159edn\u011b zraj\u00edc\u00ed odr\u016fda \"Saratovskaja 7\" se vyzna\u010duje vysok\u00fdm v\u00fdnosem, odolnost\u00ed proti suchu a dobr\u00fdmi technologick\u00fdmi a peka\u0159sk\u00fdmi vlastnostmi zrna, nejl\u00e9pe se p\u011bstuje v oblasti Volhy. Odr\u016fda \"Bezen\u010duk 87\" pat\u0159\u00ed rovn\u011b\u017e ke st\u0159edn\u011b zraj\u00edc\u00edm, odoln\u00e1 proti pol\u00e9h\u00e1n\u00ed, m\u00e1 vynikaj\u00edc\u00ed peka\u0159sk\u00e9 vlastnosti, za\u0159azena do st\u00e1tn\u00edho registru pro st\u0159edn\u00ed, vol\u017esko-vjatskou, st\u0159edo\u010dernozemskou, st\u0159edopovol\u017eskou a uralskou oblast. Odr\u016fda \"Novozybkovskaya M-4\" odoln\u00e1 v\u016f\u010di mrazu, d\u00e1v\u00e1 vysok\u00fd v\u00fdnos, dob\u0159e roste na p\u00eds\u010dit\u00fdch p\u016fd\u00e1ch, ale pol\u00e9h\u00e1 p\u0159i nadm\u011brn\u00e9 vlhkosti. Odr\u016fda \"Pullmana \u017elutozrnn\u00e1\" je ur\u010dena pro p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed v Kursk\u00e9 oblasti, procento pol\u00e9h\u00e1n\u00ed a rozpadu je mnohem ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e u ostatn\u00edch odr\u016fd.<\/p>\n

P\u0159ed v\u00fdsevem je t\u0159eba osivo p\u0159ipravit, aby se zabr\u00e1nilo napaden\u00ed stonk\u016f padl\u00edm a pl\u00edsn\u00ed sn\u011b\u017enou. K tomuto \u00fa\u010delu se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 Fundazol a TMTD. Term\u00edny set\u00ed p\u0161enice v ne\u010dernozemn\u00edm p\u00e1su - 5.-25. srpna, ve st\u0159edn\u00edm \u010dernozemn\u00edm p\u00e1su a jihov\u00fdchodn\u00edch oblastech - 15. srpna a\u017e 1. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed, v ji\u017en\u00edch oblastech - 25. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed a\u017e 10. \u0159\u00edjna.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

V\u00fdsevn\u00ed d\u00e1vky \u017eita na hektar jsou n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed: v centr\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010dernozemn\u00ed z\u00f3n\u011b - 5-6 milion\u016f semen, v ne\u010dernozemn\u00ed z\u00f3n\u011b - 6-7 milion\u016f semen, v oblasti Volhy - 4-6 milion\u016f semen, na Uralu a Sibi\u0159i - 6-7 milion\u016f semen. 1000 semen v\u00e1\u017e\u00ed 30-40 gram\u016f v z\u00e1vislosti na odr\u016fd\u011b. Z toho vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee na jeden hektar je t\u0159eba 150 a\u017e 280 kilogram\u016f semen.<\/p>\n

Existuje n\u011bkolik zp\u016fsob\u016f v\u00fdsevu \u017eita: konven\u010dn\u00ed, na obsazen\u00e9 dvojice, k\u0159\u00ed\u017een\u00fd, \u00fazk\u00fd v\u00fdsev. Pokud sejete \u017eito na obsazen\u00e9 p\u00e1ry, pak se v\u00fdsevek zvy\u0161uje o 15-20 %, a pokud pou\u017eijete metody narrow- nebo cross-charge, pak by se m\u011bl v\u00fdsevek zv\u00fd\u0161it o 10-15 %.<\/p>\n

Ihned po zaset\u00ed se doporu\u010duje porost uv\u00e1lcovat, aby se zajistilo lep\u0161\u00ed p\u0159ezimov\u00e1n\u00ed. Brzy na ja\u0159e porosty zaberte. Proti ko\u0159enov\u00e9 hnilob\u011b se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 Fundazol, proti plevel\u016fm se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed herbicidy, i kdy\u017e \u017eito je v\u016f\u010di plevel\u016fm odoln\u00e9 a o\u0161et\u0159en\u00ed proti plevel\u016fm nen\u00ed \u010dasto nutn\u00e9. Deset a\u017e dvan\u00e1ct dn\u00ed po vzejit\u00ed se porosty post\u0159\u00edkaj\u00ed roztokem kamaposanu M, aby se zabr\u00e1nilo pol\u00e9h\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

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Sklize\u0148 \u017eita za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 v polovin\u011b voskov\u00e9 zralosti zrna, kdy zrno je\u0161t\u011b pevn\u011b dr\u017e\u00ed na klasu a nen\u00ed rozt\u0159epen\u00e9, proto\u017ee na konci voskov\u00e9 zralosti se zastavuje tok su\u0161iny v zrnu a p\u0159i pln\u00e9 zralosti se nelze vyhnout zna\u010dn\u00fdm ztr\u00e1t\u00e1m, proto\u017ee zrno je n\u00e1chyln\u00e9 k rozt\u0159epen\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Sklize\u0148 se prov\u00e1d\u00ed samostatn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem. Nejprve se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 skl\u00edzec\u00ed ml\u00e1ti\u010dka a pot\u00e9 kombajn. Sklizen\u00e9 zrno se \u010dist\u00ed, t\u0159\u00edd\u00ed a v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b pot\u0159eby su\u0161\u00ed. Cena z\u00e1v\u011bsn\u00e9ho shrnova\u010de za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 na 25 tis\u00edc\u00edch rublech. Kombajn na obil\u00ed lze po\u0159\u00eddit za 450 tis\u00edc rubl\u016f, cena nov\u00e9ho modern\u00edho kombajnu je v\u00edce ne\u017e 2 miliony rubl\u016f. Finsk\u00e1 mobiln\u00ed su\u0161i\u010dka obil\u00ed stoj\u00ed asi 2,5 milionu rubl\u016f.<\/p>\n

Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 n\u00e1klady na p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed \u017eita na jednom hektaru p\u016fdy - od 5000 rubl\u016f. Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd v\u00fdnos \u017eita - 20 centner\u016f na hektar, p\u0159i dobr\u00e9 agrotechnice se m\u016f\u017ee zv\u00fd\u0161it a\u017e na 50 centner\u016f. P\u0159i prodeji obil\u00ed za cenu 5000 rubl\u016f za tunu bude \u010dist\u00fd zisk \u010dinit asi 5000 rubl\u016f na hektar.<\/p>\n

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\u017dito je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdch krmn\u00fdch sm\u011bs\u00ed, jeho obsah \u017eivin nen\u00ed hor\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e u p\u0161enice, tak\u017ee jednou z mo\u017enost\u00ed odbytu \u017eita jsou v\u00fdrobci krmiv. P\u0159i p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed odr\u016fd s vysok\u00fdmi peka\u0159sk\u00fdmi vlastnostmi je vhodn\u00e9 spolupracovat s podniky vyr\u00e1b\u011bj\u00edc\u00edmi \u017eitnou mouku. Krom\u011b toho se \u017eito v zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch podnic\u00edch pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 jako organick\u00e9 hnojivo.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Rye is one of the most important food crops in Russia, it is used for livestock fodder and human food (rye is used to produce flour, starch, malt). Our country ranks first in the world in rye harvesting. The main areas of cultivation of this crop are the Volga District (Republic of Tatarstan, Samara and […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/grain.st\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/320"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/grain.st\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/grain.st\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/grain.st\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/grain.st\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=320"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/grain.st\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/320\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":322,"href":"https:\/\/grain.st\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/320\/revisions\/322"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/grain.st\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=320"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/grain.st\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=320"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/grain.st\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=320"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}