{"id":309,"date":"2023-10-21T19:58:18","date_gmt":"2023-10-21T19:58:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/grain.st\/?p=309"},"modified":"2023-10-21T19:58:18","modified_gmt":"2023-10-21T19:58:18","slug":"features-of-growing-durum-varieties-of-wheat-what-is-the-difference-between-hard-and-soft-wheat","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/grain.st\/cs\/vlastnosti-pestovani-tvrdych-odrud-psenice-jaky-je-rozdil-mezi-tvrdou-a-mekkou-psenici\/","title":{"rendered":"Vlastnosti p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed odr\u016fd tvrd\u00e9 p\u0161enice. Jak\u00fd je rozd\u00edl mezi tvrdou a m\u011bkkou p\u0161enic\u00ed?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Kulturn\u00ed p\u0161enice se d\u011bl\u00ed na dv\u011b odr\u016fdy - m\u011bkkou a tvrdou. Maj\u00ed botanick\u00e9 rozd\u00edly, kter\u00e9 souvisej\u00ed s podm\u00ednkami p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed. Mouka<br \/>\nvyroben\u00e9 z t\u011bchto odr\u016fd maj\u00ed tak\u00e9 odli\u0161n\u00e9 vlastnosti.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Botanick\u00e9 vlastnosti<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>P\u0161enice je jednolet\u00e1 rostlina se vzp\u0159\u00edmen\u00fdmi stonky s uzly a internodii. P\u0161enice tvrd\u00e1 i m\u011bkk\u00e1 maj\u00ed pe\u010dliv\u011b vyvinut\u00fd ko\u0159enov\u00fd syst\u00e9m,<br \/>\nkv\u011btenstv\u00ed je slo\u017een\u00fd kl\u00e1sek s paraleln\u011b uspo\u0159\u00e1dan\u00fdmi osinami.<br \/>\nListy jsou jasn\u011b zelen\u00e9, kopinat\u00e9, a\u017e 20 mm \u0161irok\u00e9. Uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed na stonku je pravideln\u00e9, dvou\u0159ad\u00e9. Plodem je zrnko. Samotn\u00e9 zrno tvrdky<br \/>\nsamotn\u00e9 p\u0161eni\u010dn\u00e9 zrno je sklovit\u00e9, ze stran stla\u010den\u00e9, m\u00e1 v\u00fdrazn\u00e1 \u017eebra. Barva je na\u017eloutl\u00e1, \u017elut\u00e1 s \u010derven\u00fdm n\u00e1dechem nebo hn\u011bd\u00e1.<br \/>\nVlastnosti tvrd\u00e9 odr\u016fdy a jej\u00ed rozd\u00edl od m\u011bkk\u00e9 odr\u016fdy<br \/>\nZ t\u011bchto dvou typ\u016f kultur je tvrd\u00e1 p\u0161enice pova\u017eov\u00e1na za nejcenn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a neju\u017eite\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. Zrno obsahuje velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed lepku, aleuronov\u00e1 vrstva obsahuje \u0159adu vitam\u00edn\u016f a vitam\u00edn\u016f.<br \/>\nvrstva obsahuje \u0159adu vitam\u00edn\u016f a miner\u00e1l\u016f:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>vitamin K;<\/li>\n<li>vitam\u00edn PP;<\/li>\n<li>vitam\u00edny skupiny B;<\/li>\n<li>vitamin A;<\/li>\n<li>vitamin E;<\/li>\n<li>beta-karoten;<\/li>\n<li>selen;<\/li>\n<li>k\u0159em\u00edk;<\/li>\n<li>boru;<\/li>\n<li>mangan;<\/li>\n<li>vl\u00e1kna<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>P\u0161enice tvrd\u00e1 roste v oblastech s kontinent\u00e1ln\u00edm podneb\u00edm se such\u00fdmi a hork\u00fdmi l\u00e9ty.<br \/>\nRozd\u00edly mezi m\u011bkkou a tvrdou p\u0161enic\u00ed:<br \/>\nM\u011bkk\u00e9 odr\u016fdy preferuj\u00ed oblasti s pravideln\u00fdmi sr\u00e1\u017ekami, zat\u00edmco tvrd\u00e9 odr\u016fdy maj\u00ed r\u00e1dy such\u00fd vzduch a hork\u00e9 l\u00e9to. V t\u011bchto podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch vznik\u00e1 v\u00edce lepku<br \/>\nv\u00edce lepku;<br \/>\nstonek tvrd\u00e9 odr\u016fdy je vypln\u011bn m\u011bkk\u00fdm parenchymem, zat\u00edmco stonek m\u011bkk\u00e9 odr\u016fdy je dut\u00fd;<br \/>\nMouka z tvrd\u00e9 p\u0161enice obsahuje velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed lepku a \u010d\u00e1stice \u0161krobu jsou tvrd\u00e9 a mal\u00e9. K zad\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011bsta z t\u00e9to mouky je zapot\u0159eb\u00ed velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed mouky.<br \/>\nvody. Tvrd\u00e1 p\u0161enice se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 k v\u00fdrob\u011b t\u011bstovin a obilovin. M\u011bkk\u00e1 p\u0161enice neobsahuje tolik lepku jako tvrd\u00e1 p\u0161enice,<br \/>\njako tvrd\u00e1 p\u0161enice. \u0160krobov\u00e1 zrna v endospermu jsou v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed a m\u011bk\u010d\u00ed. K hn\u011bten\u00ed nen\u00ed pot\u0159eba mnoho vody. T\u011bsto je k\u0159ehk\u00e9 a nad\u00fdchan\u00e9;<br \/>\nZrna odr\u016fd tvrd\u00e9 p\u0161enice se prakticky nedrol\u00ed, rostliny m\u00e9n\u011b \u010dasto onemocn\u00ed a jsou odoln\u00e9 v\u016f\u010di hmyz\u00edm \u0161k\u016fdc\u016fm. V\u00fdnosy jsou o 2-4 kg\/ha ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e u m\u011bkk\u00fdch odr\u016fd.<br \/>\nha men\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e u m\u011bkk\u00fdch odr\u016fd.<br \/>\nZrno tvrd\u00e9 p\u0161enice m\u00e1 vysoce kvalitn\u00ed lepek a sklovit\u00fd endosperm (70 a\u017e 90%). P\u0159i mlet\u00ed zrna vznik\u00e1 \u0161krob,<br \/>\nkter\u00fd je v krystalick\u00e9 form\u011b, nen\u00ed zni\u010den. Obsah b\u00edlkovin v zrnech je 13 a\u017e 23%.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Zvl\u00e1\u0161tnosti agrotechniky<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Jednou z hlavn\u00edch podm\u00ednek pro dosa\u017een\u00ed slu\u0161n\u00e9ho v\u00fdnosu p\u0161enice je dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed st\u0159\u00edd\u00e1n\u00ed plodin. Ozim\u00e9 odr\u016fdy se \u010dast\u011bji vys\u00e9vaj\u00ed na \u010dern\u00fd \u00fahor (pole je zcela zbaveno plevel\u016f a p\u016fda je kypr\u00e1 a vlhk\u00e1).<br \/>\nje zcela zbavena plevele a p\u016fda je kypr\u00e1 a vlhk\u00e1). P\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed po slune\u010dnici, sud\u00e1nce nebo kuku\u0159ici se nedoporu\u010duje, proto\u017ee odb\u011br \u017eivin z t\u011bchto plodin je velmi vysok\u00fd.<br \/>\ntyto plodiny maj\u00ed vysok\u00fd odb\u011br \u017eivin. P\u016fda je po nich ochuzen\u00e1 a p\u0161enici chyb\u00ed v\u00fd\u017eivn\u00e9 prvky.<br \/>\nJarn\u00edm odr\u016fd\u00e1m se da\u0159\u00ed, pokud jsou zasety po \u0159\u00e1dkov\u00fdch plodin\u00e1ch a luskovin\u00e1ch. V oblastech se such\u00fdm klimatem by se v\u0161ak jarn\u00ed p\u0161enice m\u011bla vys\u00e9vat<br \/>\nby m\u011bly b\u00fdt zasety na \u010dern\u00e9m \u00fahoru.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Tvrd\u00e9 odr\u016fdy se vys\u00e9vaj\u00ed v\u00fdhradn\u011b na \u010dern\u00fd \u00fahor. A v \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b je nep\u011bstujte dva roky po sob\u011b na stejn\u00e9m pozemku. P\u0159i set\u00ed po<br \/>\nostatn\u00edch obilovin, kvalita zrna v\u00fdrazn\u011b kles\u00e1. P\u0159ed set\u00edm p\u0161enice tvrd\u00e9 by si m\u011bla p\u016fda odpo\u010dinout.<br \/>\nV roce, kdy pole z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed pod \u010dern\u00fdm \u00fahorem, je p\u016fda o\u0161et\u0159ena herbicidy proti plevel\u016fm nebo mechanicky odstran\u011bna. Tato opat\u0159en\u00ed podporuj\u00ed<br \/>\nakumulaci a uchov\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed vlhkosti. P\u0159ed zimou se prov\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed pr\u00e1ce na zadr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed sn\u011bhu.<br \/>\nPro zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed optim\u00e1ln\u00edch podm\u00ednek pro p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0161enice tvrd\u00e9 je nutn\u00e9:<br \/>\nMaxim\u00e1ln\u00ed akumulace vlhkosti v substr\u00e1tu. Pokud je jej\u00ed obsah v horn\u00ed vrstv\u011b p\u016fdy (20 cm) men\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 20 mm, v\u00fdsev se ru\u0161\u00ed;<br \/>\nna pol\u00edch po lu\u0161t\u011bnin\u00e1ch nebo na pol\u00edch le\u017e\u00edc\u00edch ladem je t\u0159eba prov\u00e9st orbu;<br \/>\np\u0159ed set\u00edm a b\u011bhem kultivace se prov\u00e1d\u00ed zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u016fdy do hloubky set\u00ed (6 cm);<br \/>\npokud p\u0159ed set\u00edm zapr\u0161\u00ed, kultivace se opakuje.<br \/>\nSemena tvrd\u00e9 ozim\u00e9 p\u0161enice se vys\u00e9vaj\u00ed do hloubky 4-6 cm. P\u0159i set\u00ed p\u0161enice jarn\u00ed se p\u0159ihl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed ke stavu p\u016fdy. Plodina se seje do \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f v rozestupech 15 cm.<br \/>\n15 cm.<br \/>\nM\u011bkk\u00e1 p\u0161enice je pro Rusko i nad\u00e1le strategicky d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1, ale tvrd\u00e9 odr\u016fdy d\u00e1vaj\u00ed v\u00edce u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 mouky. Pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed v\u0161ak su\u0161\u0161\u00ed klima, tak\u017ee tento typ p\u0161enice roste ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b region\u016f zem\u011b \u0161patn\u011b.<br \/>\ndruh neroste dob\u0159e ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b region\u016f zem\u011b.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Cultural wheat is divided into two varieties &#8211; soft and hard. They have botanical differences, which is associated with the growing conditions. The flour produced from these varieties also has different characteristics. Botanical characteristics Wheat is an annual plant with erect stems with nodes and internodes. Both hard and soft wheat have a meticulous root [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[21],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/grain.st\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/309"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/grain.st\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/grain.st\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/grain.st\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/grain.st\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=309"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/grain.st\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/309\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":310,"href":"https:\/\/grain.st\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/309\/revisions\/310"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/grain.st\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=309"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/grain.st\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=309"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/grain.st\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=309"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}